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                  American Product Design

Some of this material is covered in a book titled American Style:  Classic Product Design from Airstream to Zippo by Richard Sexton, 1987.

 

KEY ELEMENTS AND ATTRIBUTES OF AMERICAN PRODUCT DESIGN:   

   
 

    GENEROUS USE OF RAW MATERIALS WITH A CAREFREE QUALITY UNCONCERNED OF THE MATERIALS UTILIZED


    SIMPLE, LOGICAL DESIGN   


    FUNCTIONAL, SOLIDLY BUILT, DEPENDABLE AND DURABLE

           

    RADICAL REDESIGN RATHER THAN INCREMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS

 

    FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION-

            AMERICAN SHAKER STYLE FURNITURE AND CONSTRUCTION/DECORATION
            LOUIS SULLIVAN


American design affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus is optimistic in its essence.  Some concepts of USA design include: (1) the sense of forward-looking contemporaneity, (2)  the belief in the power and potential of the machine and industrial technology
and (3) the emphasis on process.


 

 

    The following page has two sections.

1.  Product examples that do not generally feature outside influences and are pure American looking products.


2.  Below the first section are the original trailblazers of American Product design.  Many blended various outside influences and schools of design with the attributes listed above to create iconic products. 



Nothing States a product is Made In America as much as a Product which "Looks American", with true USA Archetypes and minimal design school influences .  This list with visuals offers some examples.

 


Section 1

Lotus       
1985
Products that when viewed instantly evoke the the USA.






CompuServe  1979
                                                     
Shopping Cart

Quaker Oats Cereal cylinder packaging
(so product is differentiated from other cereals on the shelf)


Hershey Bar
Six Pack

Faberware Coffee Percolator- Model 142B


Hall Ceramics                                         


Tupperware

Wedgewood Stove  1930's and 1950's shown

    
Revereware                                                  

All American Pressure Cooker- No 907


Mason Jar


Eureka Mighty Mite- 1982


Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster- #30


Chromex Coffee Maker


Zeroll Ice Cream Scoop- #24

                  

Sunbeam Toaster- model 20030 and model I9; [slots]

  
Osterizer Blender- Model 403
Bloomfield Sugar Dispenser
Robertshaw Minute Minder
Metro Wire shelving system- Metropolitan Wire Goods Corp
Weber Grill
Acme Supreme Juicerator- Model 6001   

Vemcolite Task Light- VL-5; 1985


Kryptonite Bike Lock


Master padlock- #5

           

Hyde 5 in 1 Tool


Stanley Tools- utility knife and ratchet driver  

Maglight flashlight


Bell System #500 rotary telephone


Rural US Mailbox


Colt Revolver- SSA .45


John Deere Lawn Tractor- hydro 165


Lufkin Red End Extension Ruler- 6 feet

Milwaukee Magnum Hole Shooter Drill- ½” reversible 1974


Porter Cable Finishing Sander- 330 speed block


Rolodex- Model 5024x     

Stanley steel Thermos- No. A-943C


Eames / Evans Products / Charles Eames-
Molded Plywood Chair


Formica Decorative Laminate- white skylark

    
Bertoia Diamond Chair

Smokador Ash Stand- Servador table smoker ash stand

    

Fireplace designed by Wendell Lovett
made by Condon-King and also Majestic company

    

Philco- Predicta Television
TV as high tech instead of furniture

 

Holophane Prismatic Luminaire Light/lamp- #684
by Vearl Wince and Curt Franck

 

Abdite RLM Fixture- RD150


GRA-Lab Timer- #300


Panavision Panaflex golden movie camera  

Bell and Howell 8mm movie camera 1950's
Kodak Super8 movie camera
1960's

 

Kodak Carousel/Eketagraph AF2

  

US Navy G1 Aviation Jacket- WW2

plan for post WW2 American Leather Jackets


Bulova Accutron Watch
Brook Brother’s Diary

Halliburton Luggage- attaché case model 2H-1045  1938


Gillette swivel disposable razor  1981

   

Hobie Cat cameron - #16


Frisbee

Airstream Trailer


Buck Knife- model #110


Coleman Lantern model 201- from Hydrocarbon Light Company

Head tennis racquet- Edge Composite version


Tinker Toys- set # 330 from Toy Tinkers
 
Gibson Les Paul- cherry sunburst

Fender Telecaster Bass- 1972 model


Steinberger Bass- XL-2


Advent Radio- Model 400


Mcintosh Amp


Acoustic Research turntable  1957        

Corvette String Ray- 1964


Ford Thunderbird- 1957 gun metal grey     

Chris Craft Motorboat- Capri 19  1956


Learjet- 250


Mercury Outboard- Mercury 20


Jeep Cherokee- 1974


Videoconferencing 1968

Computer Mouse
Computer Graphics, CAD and CAM  1960's

Graphic User Interface  Xerox Parc  1970's   
Graphic User Interface  1980's 















--  Section 2  --

Classic American Designers.  Although their work is deemed classic American Style they were highly influenced by prevailing trends
as noted by each of their names

Walter Dorwin Teagure
Bauhaus, Art Deco, Modernism
                                                      

                                                                           1934  Radio
  

   
Raymond Lowery
Streamline Moderne

                                                                                          Radio


Donald Deskey
Art Deco, Streamline Moderne
        



Henry Dreyfuss
Streamline Moderne

     

       
Gilbert Rohde
Streamline Moderne, Bauhaus, Surrealism, Modernism

                            


Norman Bel Geddes
Streamline Moderne


      

     
Geddes in 1939 forecast the future using a 1 acre model


 

Buckminster Fuller was an American architect, systems theorist, author, and designer. Between stints at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada as a mechanic in a textile mill, and later as a laborer in the meat-packing industry. He also served in the U.S. Navy in World War I, as a shipboard radio operator, as an editor of a publication, and as a crash rescue boat commander. After discharge, he worked again in the meat packing industry, acquiring management experience. Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949, serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. There, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created some 30 years earlier by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited for popularizing this type of structure.

In 1949, he erected his first geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was 4.3 meters (14 feet) in diameter and constructed of aluminum aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic skin, in the form of an icosahedron. To prove his design, Fuller suspended from the structure's framework several students who had helped him build it. The U.S. government recognized the importance of his work, and employed his firm Geodesics, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina to make small domes for the Marines. Within a few years there were thousands of these domes around the world.

Fuller's first "continuous tension – discontinuous compression" geodesic dome (full sphere in this case) was constructed at the University of Oregon Architecture School in 1959 with the help of students. These continuous tension – discontinuous compression structures featured single force compression members (no flexure or bending moments) that did not touch each other and were 'suspended' by the tensional members.

For half of a century, Fuller developed many ideas, designs and inventions, particularly regarding practical, inexpensive shelter and transportation. He documented his life, philosophy and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary (later called the Dymaxion Chronofile), and by twenty-eight publications. Fuller financed some of his experiments with inherited funds, sometimes augmented by funds invested by his collaborators, one example being the Dymaxion car project. Fuller was awarded 28 United States patents.







LOUIS SULLIVAN: American designer that created Modernism, and all the offshoots thereof, actions and reactions. Mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright.
An American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and Frank Lloyd Wright, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture". "Form follows function" is attributed to him although he credited the origin of the concept to an ancient Roman architect, engineer and author named Marcus Vitruvius Pollio.  Lewis took the neglected concept and illuminated the world.  He worked for William LeBaron Jenney, the architect often credited with erecting the first steel-frame building. After less than a year with Jenney, Sullivan moved to Paris and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts for a year. He returned to Chicago and began work for the firm of Joseph S. Johnston & John Edelman as a draftsman. In 1879 Dankmar Adler hired Sullivan. A year later, Sullivan became a partner in the firm. This marked the beginning of Sullivan's most productive years.  The culminating project of this phase of the firm's history was the 1889 Auditorium Building (1886–90, opened in stages) in Chicago, an extraordinary mixed-use building that included not only a 4,200-seat theater, but also a hotel and an office building with a 17-story tower with commercial storefronts at the ground level of the building, fronting Congress and Wabash Avenues. After 1889 the firm became known for their office buildings, particularly the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis and the Schiller (later Garrick) Building and theater (1890) in Chicago. Other buildings often noted include the Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894), the Guaranty Building (also known as the Prudential Building) of 1895–96 in Buffalo, New York, and the 1899–1904 Carson Pirie Scott Department Store by Sullivan on State Street in Chicago. 

In 1896, Louis Sullivan wrote:

It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human, and all things super-human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law

Sullivan, however, attributed the concept to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman architect, engineer, and author, who first asserted in his book, De architectura, that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas – that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful. This credo, which placed the demands of practical use above aesthetics, later would be taken by influential designers to imply that decorative elements, which architects call "ornament", were superfluous in modern buildings, but Sullivan neither thought nor designed along such dogmatic lines during the peak of his career. Indeed, while his buildings could be spare and crisp in their principal masses, he often punctuated their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush Art Nouveau and something such as Celtic Revival decorations, usually cast in iron or terra cotta, and ranging from organic forms, such as vines and ivy, to more geometric designs and interlace, inspired by his Irish design heritage. Terra cotta is lighter and easier to work with than stone masonry. Sullivan used it in his architecture because it had a malleability that was appropriate for his ornament. Probably the most famous example of ornament used by Sullivan is the writhing green ironwork that covers the entrance canopies of the Carson Pirie Scott store on south State Street

Another signature element of Sullivan's work is the massive, semi-circular arch. Sullivan employed such arches throughout his career—in shaping entrances, in framing windows, or as interior design.

All of these elements are found in Sullivan's widely-admired Guaranty Building, which he designed while partnered with Adler. Completed in 1895, this office building in Buffalo, New York is in the Palazzo style, visibly divided into three "zones" of design: a plain, wide-windowed base for the ground-level shops; the main office block, with vertical ribbons of masonry rising unimpeded across nine upper floors to emphasize the building's height; and an ornamented cornice perforated by round windows at the roof level, where the building's mechanical units (such as the elevator motors) were housed. The cornice is covered by Sullivan's trademark Art Nouveau vines and each ground-floor entrance is topped by a semi-circular arch.

Because Sullivan's remarkable accomplishments in design and construction occurred at such a critical time in architectural history, he often has been described as the "father" of the American skyscraper. In truth, however, many architects had been building skyscrapers before or contemporarily with Sullivan. Chicago was replete with extraordinary designers and builders in the late years of the nineteenth century, including Sullivan's partner, Dankmar Adler, as well as Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root. Root was one of the builders of the Monadnock Building (see above). That and another Root design, the Masonic Temple Tower (both in Chicago), are cited by many as the originators of skyscraper aesthetics of bearing wall and column-frame construction respectively.

Some consider him the first modernist. His forward-looking designs clearly anticipate some issues and solutions of Modernism, however, his embracement of ornament makes his contribution distinct from the Modern Movement that coalesced in the 1920s and became known as the "International Style". To experience Sullivan's built work is to experience the irresistible appeal of his incredible designs: the vertical bands on the Wainwright Building, the burst of welcoming Art Nouveau ironwork on the corner entrance of the Carson Pirie Scott store, the (lost) terra cotta griffins and porthole windows on the Union Trust building, and the white angels of the Bayard Building. Except for some designs by his longtime draftsman George Grant Elmslie, and the occasional tribute to Sullivan such as Schmidt, Garden & Martin's First National Bank in Pueblo, Colorado (built across the street from Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House), his style is unique. A visit to the preserved Chicago Stock Exchange trading floor, now at The Art Institute of Chicago, is proof of the immediate and visceral power of the ornament that he used so selectively.

Sullivan is featured Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead as the fictional character Henry Cameron.  Although Rand's journal notes contain in toto only some 50 lines directly referring to Sullivan, it is clear from her mention of Sullivan's Autobiography of an Idea (1924) in her 25th anniversary introduction to her earlier novel We the Living (first published in 1936, and unrelated to architecture) that she was intimately familiar with his life and career.  Indeed, the term "the Fountainhead," which appears nowhere in Rand's novel proper, is found twice (as "the fountainhead" and later as "the fountain head") in Sullivan's autobiography, both times used metaphorically.



The fictional Cameron is, like Sullivan – whose physical description he matches – a great innovative skyscraper pioneer late in the nineteenth century who dies impoverished and embittered in the mid-1920s. Cameron's rapid decline is explicitly attributed to the wave of classical Greco-Roman revivalism in architecture in the wake of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, just as Sullivan in his autobiography attributed his own downfall to the same event.



The major difference between novel and real life was in the chronology of Cameron's relation with his protégé Howard Roark, the novel's hero, who eventually goes on to redeem his vision. That Roark's uncompromising individualism and his innovative organic style in architecture was drawn from the life and work of Frank Lloyd Wright is clear from Rand's journal notes, her correspondence and various contemporary accounts. In the novel, however, the 23-year-old Roark, a generation younger than the real-life Wright, becomes Cameron's protégé in the early 1920s, when Sullivan was long in decline.

The young Wright, by contrast, was Sullivan's protégé for seven years, beginning in 1887, when Sullivan was at the height of his fame and power. The two architects would sever their ties in 1894 due to Sullivan's angry reaction to Wright's private moonlighting in breach of his contract with Sullivan. After decades of estrangement, Wright would again become close to the now-destitute Sullivan in the early 1920s, the time when Roark first comes under the likewise impoverished Cameron's tutelage in the novel. Wright, however, was now in his fifties. Nevertheless, both the young Roark and middle-aged Wright had in common at that time that they both faced a decade of struggle ahead. After the triumphs earlier in his career, Wright came increasingly to be viewed as a has-been, until he experienced a renaissance in the latter half of the 1930s with such projects as Fallingwater and the Johnson Wax Headquarters.




Italian-American architect, Paolo Soleri (1919–2013) unified the concerrent Arts and Crafts with Modernisme exemplified by Antoni Gaudí.  Soleri worked under Frank Lloyd Wright while instilling many concepts of Modernisme under his banner named Arcology using a Frank Lloyd Wright American spin.

Arcosanti, wth construction since 1970  is located 70 mi north of Phoenix, AZ. His arcology concepts dictated use of design pragmatically within the site conditions and available construction skill set, thus Arcosanti features a  very functionalist design.   In a different location using different local resources, the design would apprear completely different.



  
      Spain's Modernisme via Antoni Gaudí's            Italian-American architect Paolo Soleri's Arcosanti
              Sagrada Família in Barcelona                                                             Arizona



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